Leptospirosis is one of the most alarming disease in animals as well as in humans which live in association to those animals.It is an infectious bacterial disease also known as field fever. It is caused by a cork screwed shaped bacteria called leptospira.Incubation of the disease in animals is some what between 2-20days.In dogs,leptospirosis is mostly concerned with liver and kidney damage.But a recent study has revealed that leptospirosis has also been found in association to the pulmonary form leptospirosis with severe hemorrhage in lungs , just similar to the human pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome.Vasculitis may occur, leading to edema and disseminating intravascular coagulation(DIC). myocarditis, pericarditis, uveties and meningitis are also possible consequences. In humans its symptoms are from mild, headaches, muscle pain and fever to the severe with bleeding from lungs, and if associated with turning yellow and kidney failure than called Weil’sdisease. If the bleeding is severe the nalsocaled severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome
.
CAUSES
Leptospirosis is caused by the spirochaete bacteria belonging to the leptospira.In animals its five serotypes have been recognized to cause all types of disease in dogs named as
· Icterohaemorrhagiae
· Canicola
· Pomona
· Bratisalva
· Gryppotyphosa
In animals when leptospirosis is caused by L.Interrogans may becalmed as cnicola fever.Its symptoms may be associated with jaundice but in the absence of jaundice the
Possibility of leptospirosis is not eliminated, it may also happen that those signs are associated to the hepatitis or other liver pathology.while in humans about 21 serotypes have
Been identified out of 250 pathogenic strains.
Transmission in humans
The source of leptospirosis infection in humans is urine of an infected animal and remain contagious as long as it remain moist .Although it is also found in reptiles and birds but mammals are its only known source of transmission to humans especially rodents,rates , mice and moles are it’s important primary hosts while dogs deer rabbits cows sheep and some marine animals may transmits as secondary host.Dogs may acquire the infection by licking the urine of an infected animal or drink from an infected puddle.Humane becomes infected through the infected water or food contaminated by infected animals.The disease is not known to be spread between humans.While the occupation at risk include the veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers ,waste disposal facility workers and people who work in derelict buildings.
Diagnosis
After the infection with in first 7-10 day the bacteria an be found in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid and then I move
Treatment
Effective antibiotics include peniciline G ,ampicillin, amoxicillin and doxycycline but in severe cases cefotaxime or ceftriaxone should be use.Glucose and salt solution in fusion may administered; dialys is can be use din severe cases administration of corticosteroids in gradually reduced doses can be recommended by some specialist in case of hemorrhagic effects for 7-10 days.
Prevention
Effective rat control and avoid any urine contaminated source is an effective
preventive measure. Human vaccines are.The use of doxycycline must be once in a week as a prophylaxis is to minimize infections during out breaks in end emic areas.There is no evidence in support of chemoprophylaxis.Pre-exposure prophylaxis is may be beneficial for individuals traveling to the areas of high-risk.
Epidimology
It has been estimated that 7-10 millions of people are infected each year leptospirosis.one million cases of severe leptospiosis occur annually with 58,900 deaths. Rate of infection per annum ranges from 0.02 per 100,000 intemperate climates to10 to100 per 100,000 in tropical climates.
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Written By: Waqar Tabish
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